The Instrument behind the Evidence

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BrainMaster Technologies · EEG · qEEG · Neurofeedback

The instrument behind the evidence.

For more than 25 years, BrainMaster has been a standard for research, assessment, and outcome studies. It is accurate, safe, and simple enough for daily clinical use, and rigorous enough for the laboratory.

Fz · Cz · Pz · O1256 samples/s1–40 Hz50 µV/divIllustrative signal
25+years as a research and clinical standard
500+published studies using BrainMaster equipment
40+countries represented by those studies
Evidence

A published record few systems can match

BrainMaster equipment has been used in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, head-to-head comparisons with standard pharmacological care, and long-term outcome studies across a broad range of conditions.

Safety across 36 evidence-level-2 studies
2,292participants
0adverse events
0device or performance issues

BrainMaster Technologies (2022), post-market clinical follow-up review. A 2025 randomized placebo-controlled trial in fibromyalgia likewise reported no adverse events (Anderson et al., 2025).

ADHD

Whole-head 19-channel Z-score neurofeedback improved attention, executive function, behavior, and electrocortical function (Wigton & Krigbaum, 2019), with a single-subject method for tracking progress session by session (Krigbaum & Wigton, 2015). Also a randomized placebo-controlled trial (van Dongen-Boomsma et al., 2013) and an RCT against standard medication with six-month follow-up (Meisel et al., 2013).

Head injury

Live Z-score training for persistent post-concussive symptoms in service members, with symptom gains sustained at three months (Hershaw et al., 2020). EEG changes during training predicted symptom improvement (Hershaw & Hill-Pearson, 2022).

PTSD

Live Z-score neurofeedback was feasible and acceptable for adults with PTSD (Im, 2023).

Migraine

QEEG-guided neurofeedback and clinical outcome studies (Stokes & Lappin, 2010; Walker, 2011).

Chronic pain

Sham-controlled infraslow and connectivity neurofeedback in low back pain, knee osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia (Adhia et al., 2022; Mathew et al., 2022; Anderson et al., 2025).

Mood & anxiety

Alpha/theta training effects on mood, anxiety, emotion regulation, and impulsivity (Dinc et al., 2025).

Assessment

Assessment built on normative science

BrainMaster pioneered live Z-score neurofeedback, which trains the brain directly against a normative reference database (Collura et al., 2009, 2010). Whole-head 19-channel Z-score training has since been studied in ADHD, PTSD, and head injury (Wigton & Krigbaum, 2019; Im, 2023; Hershaw et al., 2020).

Independent groups have used the 24-channel Discovery amplifier to build and cross-validate national normative EEG databases (Wu & Lin, 2023). Recordings support full 19-channel qEEG, LORETA and sLORETA source localization, coherence, and effective connectivity.

Neuromodulation

An open, real-time platform for closed-loop neuromodulation

BrainMaster does more than record. EEG features computed in real time can drive feedback and gate external stimulation, so the brain’s own state closes the loop.

EEG acquisition→real-time features: band power · phase · coupling→feedback & stimulation→brain response↺
Closed-loop infraslow

Source-localized infraslow neurofeedback changed cortical activity and connectivity in sham-controlled trials (Mathew et al., 2022, 2024).

Effective connectivity

Training directed alpha-band connectivity between targeted regions such as pgACC → S1 (Anderson et al., 2025).

Cross-frequency coupling

Phase–amplitude coupling and phase-based metrics in real time, for coupling-targeted research protocols.

pEMF · PBM

Pulsed electromagnetic fields and photobiomodulation, synchronized with EEG, gated by it, or evaluated against it.

Haptic · auditory · visual

Vibrotactile, sound, and photic stimulation delivered as feedback or as EEG-contingent stimulation.

tACS evaluation

EEG with eLORETA has been used to measure the effects of 40 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (Lee & Tramontano, 2025).

Stimulation and closed-loop applications are described for research and wellness use.

Regulatory & standards

Cleared by the U.S. FDA for clinical EEG, normative databases, and biofeedback.

Designed and documented to recognized international standards:

ISOEU MDRIECIEEEUL

BrainMaster systems are cleared for their indicated uses as EEG, qEEG, biofeedback, and normative database systems. Citing published articles does not imply clinical claims.

Rigor without complexity

No other system combines this cost-effectiveness, simplicity of use, and depth of scientific validation. One platform serves the clinic, the laboratory, and the supervised home program.

BrainMaster: the instrument behind the evidence.

brainmaster.com

References

Citing published articles does not imply clinical claims. BrainMaster systems are cleared for their indicated uses as EEG, qEEG, biofeedback, and normative database systems.

  1. Adhia, D. B., Mani, R., Turner, P. R., Vanneste, S., & De Ridder, D. (2022). Infraslow neurofeedback training alters effective connectivity in individuals with chronic low back pain: A secondary analysis of a pilot randomized placebo-controlled study. Brain Sciences, 12(11), 1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111514
  2. Anderson, L., De Ridder, D., Glue, P., Mani, R., van Sleeuwen, C., Smith, M., & Adhia, D. B. (2025). A safety and feasibility randomized placebo controlled trial exploring electroencephalographic effective connectivity neurofeedback treatment for fibromyalgia. Scientific Reports, 15, 209. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83776-8
  3. BrainMaster Technologies. (2022). BrainMaster literature search database: Evidence-based medicine level 2 studies, summary statistics [Internal post-market clinical follow-up report].
  4. Collura, T. F., Guan, J., Tarrant, J., Bailey, J., & Starr, F. (2010). EEG biofeedback case studies using live Z-score training and a normative database. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(1), 22–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/10874200903543963
  5. Collura, T. F., Thatcher, R. W., Smith, M. L., Lambos, W. A., & Stark, C. R. (2009). EEG biofeedback training using live Z-scores and a normative database. In T. H. Budzynski, H. K. Budzynski, J. R. Evans, & A. Abarbanel (Eds.), Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback: Advanced theory and applications (2nd ed., pp. 103–141). Academic Press.
  6. Dinc, L., Rybski, D., & Dineen, J. (2025). The effects of alpha/theta neurofeedback on mood, anxiety, emotion regulation and trait impulsivity. Brain Research, 1866, 149943.
  7. Hershaw, J. N., & Hill-Pearson, C. A. (2022). Changes in EEG activity following live Z-score training predict changes in persistent post-concussive symptoms: An exploratory analysis. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 714913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.714913
  8. Hershaw, J. N., Hill-Pearson, C. A., Arango, J. I., Souvignier, A. R., & Pazdan, R. M. (2020). Semi-automated neurofeedback therapy for persistent postconcussive symptoms in a military clinical setting: A feasibility study. Military Medicine, 185(3–4), e457–e465. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz335
  9. Im, S. (2023). Live Z-score neurofeedback training for PTSD: A feasibility and acceptability study. Trauma Care, 3(3), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare3030015
  10. Krigbaum, G., & Wigton, N. L. (2015). A methodology of analysis for monitoring treatment progression with 19-channel Z-score neurofeedback (19ZNF) in a single-subject design. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 40(3), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-015-9274-0
  11. Lee, T.-W., & Tramontano, G. (2025). Neural changes to transcranial alternating current stimulation in the gamma range over the left frontoparietal network: A preliminary eLORETA EEG study [Preprint]. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.24.25321077
  12. Mathew, J., Adhia, D. B., Smith, M. L., De Ridder, D., & Mani, R. (2022). Source localized infraslow neurofeedback training in people with chronic painful knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled feasibility clinical trial. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 16, 899772. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.899772
  13. Mathew, J., Adhia, D. B., Smith, M. L., De Ridder, D., & Mani, R. (2024). Closed-loop infraslow brain–computer interface can modulate cortical activity and connectivity in individuals with chronic painful knee osteoarthritis: A secondary analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594241264892
  14. Meisel, V., Servera, M., Garcia-Banda, G., Cardo, E., & Moreno, I. (2013). Neurofeedback and standard pharmacological intervention in ADHD: A randomized controlled trial with six-month follow-up. Biological Psychology, 94(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.04.015
  15. Stokes, D. A., & Lappin, M. S. (2010). Neurofeedback and biofeedback with 37 migraineurs: A clinical outcome study. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-6-9
  16. van Dongen-Boomsma, M., Vollebregt, M. A., Slaats-Willemse, D., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2013). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(8), 821–827. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m08321
  17. Walker, J. E. (2011). QEEG-guided neurofeedback for recurrent migraine headaches. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 42(1), 59–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/155005941104200112
  18. Wigton, N. L., & Krigbaum, G. (2019). Attention, executive function, behavior, and electrocortical function, significantly improved with 19-channel Z-score neurofeedback in a clinical setting: A pilot study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(4), 398–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715577135
  19. Wu, Y.-C., & Lin, I.-M. (2023). The resting state of Taiwan EEG normative database: Z-scores of patients with major depressive disorder as the cross-validation. Brain Sciences, 13(2), 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020351